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understanding CAPACITORS
Understanding CAPACITORSElectronics
components this time we will discuss is kapasitor.Selain capacitor's
name was condensator.Komponen like resistors are also included in the
group of passive components, the type of components that work without
the need for bias current.The types of capacitors are various, such as below.* According to the Polarity- Capacitors PolarPolarity (+) and (-).Polarity in the installation must be considered and should not be installed upside down. In a sign bodynya polarity to the polarity mark foot (+) or (-).- Non Polar Capacitor (Capacitor Bipolar)This capacitor type can be mounted back and forth.* According to the Material PembuatannyaThe capacitor is basically two pieces of metal plate (dielectric) separated by a material Isulator. Well, here's the clincher material Isulator capacitor name.According to the materials of manufacture jenis2 capacitor is:- Electrolytic Capacitors → isulatornya made from electrolytic- Capacitors Mika → isulatornya material made from mica- Capacitors Air → isulatornya material made from the air.- Paper capacitors, tantalum, mylar, etc..* According to the assessment value is- Capacitors Fixed / PermanentCapacity value can not be changed.- Variable Capacitors sometimes called VC or Varco (variable capacitor)Capacitors of this type we can change the value to change.The function of a capacitor is to store the current / voltage. For
current DC capacitors serve as Isulator / retaining an electrical
current, while AC current function as a conductor / passing an electric
current.In
application is used as a filter capacitor / filter, rectifier voltage
DC to AC to DC converters, ac wave generator or oscillator etc..Capacitor
value can be seen in the writings found on her body, for example, 10
uF/16 V means that the capacitor value is 10 micro Farad and can
operate at maximum voltage of 16 V, if it exceeds 16 V, the capacitor
will experience 'break down' aka ko'it :-).Farad is the unit value of the capacity of the capacitor.1 uF → 1 micro Farad = 1 x 10 ^ (-6) = 0.000001 Farad Farad1 nF → 1 nano farad = 1 x 10 ^ (-9) Farad1 pF pico Farad → 1 = 1 x 10 ^ (-12) Farad# Code Number In CapacitorsFor capacitors rated capacity below 1 uF capacity value normally written in code numbers.Example:1. 104 → 10 x 10 ^ 4 (in units of pico Farad) = 100000 pF or 100 nF or 0.1 uF2. 222 → 22 x 10 to the power 2 (pF) = 2200 pF or 2.2 nF* How are we rewrite the first two numbers, then we multiply by 10 to the last digit.3. 4N7 → 4.7 nano farad4. 2P5 → 2.5 pico faradCapacitors are uF value below 1 is generally non-polar type, except for the type of electrolyte.IniDalam
image below schematics capacitor is a capacitor electronics symbols are
as under iniYang no sign (+) and (-) is a symbol of the non-polar
capacitor while the (+) and (-) is a non-polar capacitor symbol.CAPACITOR (Condenser)Capacitors
(capacitors) that the electronic circuit is denoted with the letter "C"
is a device that can store energy / electric charge in an electric
field, by collecting internal imbalance of electric charge. Capacitors discovered by Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Unit called the Farad capacitor (F). One farad = 9 x 1011 cm2, which means the surface area of the strip.The structure of a capacitor is made of two pieces of metal plates separated by a dielectric material. Dielectric materials are commonly known as air vacuum, ceramics, glass and others. If
both ends of the metal plate was given voltage, the positive charges
will accumulate on one leg (electrode) metal and at the same time the
negative charges accumulated on the other end of the metal. The
positive charge can not flow toward the negative pole and the opposite
end of the negative charge can not go to the end of the positive pole,
being separated by a dielectric material that is non-conductive. Electric charge is stored for no conduction at the ends of the legs. In the wild, these capacitors phenomenon occurs when the accumulation of positive charges and negative in the cloud.1.1. CapacitanceCapacitance is defined as the ability of a capacitor to hold the charge of electrons. Coulombs in the 18th century calculate that 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons. Then
Michael Faraday made postulate that a capacitor will have a capacitance
of 1 farad when a voltage of 1 volt can contain as much as 1 coulombs
electron charge. With the formula can be written:Q = C VQ = the electron charge in C (coulombs)C = capacitance in F (farad)V = the voltage in V (volts)In
practice the manufacture of capacitors, capacitance is calculated by
knowing the area of the metal plate (A), distance (t) between the two
metal plates (dielectric thickness) and constant (k) dielectric
materials. With the formula can be written as follows:C = (8.85 x 10-12) (k A / t)Here is a sample table constants (k) of some dielectric materials is simplified.For practical electronic circuits, unit farad is a very large one. Generally capacitors on the market has units: μF, nF and pF.1 Farad = 1,000,000 μF (micro Farad)1 μF = 1,000,000 pF (pico Farad)1 μF = 1.000 nF (nano Farad)1 nF = 1000 pF (pico Farad)1 pF = 1.000 μμF (micro-micro-Farad)1 μF = 10-6 F1 nF = 10-9 F1 pF = 10-12 FConversion unit for ease of reading is important to know the amount of a capacitor. 0.047μF example can also be read as 47nF, or another example of the same 0.1nF 100pF.Identified condenser has two legs and two poles is positive and negative and has a liquid electrolyte and usually tubular.While
most of the other types of rated capacity is lower, does not have a
positive or negative pole on her feet, mostly in the form of flat round
brown, red, green and other such tablets or buttons often called
capacitors (capacitor).2.2 The nature and kind of capacitorBased on usefulness condenser is divided into:1. Fixed capacitors (rated capacity can not be changed)2. Electrolytic Capacitor (Condenser electrolit = Elco)3. Variable capacitor (rated capacity can be changed)In a large capacitor, the capacitance value is generally written by the sheer numbers. Complete with a maximum voltage value and polarity. For
example, the elco capacitor capacitance was clearly written by 100μF25v
which means the capacitor / capacitor has a capacitance of 100 μF value
by the maximum allowable working voltage of 25 volts.Capacitors are small physical size is usually only read 2 (two) or 3 (three) numbers only. If there are only two numbers, unit is pF (pico farads). For example, a capacitor that reads two numbers 47, the capacitor capacitance is 47 pF. If there are 3 digits, the first and second shows the nominal value, while the 3rd digit is the multiplier. Multiplying factor according to the nominal rate, respectively 1 = 10, 2 = 100, 3 = 1000, 4 = 10000, 5 = 100000, and so on.Example:For polyester capacitors capacitance value can be known by the color as in the resistor.Example:As with other components, there is a large nominal capacitance tolerance. In Table 2.3 are shown the value of tolerance with codes specific numbers or letters. In the table the user can easily determine tolerance capacitors are usually listed accompany nominal capacitor value. For example, if a written 104 X7R, then the capacitance is 100nF with a tolerance of + / -15%. Please also note that once the recommended working temperature is between-55Co to +125 Co.From
the above it can be known that the addition capacitance capacitor
characteristics is equally important that the working voltage and
operating temperature. The working voltage is the maximum allowable voltage that the capacitor can still work well. For example 10uF25V capacitor, the voltage that can be given should not exceed 25 volts dc. Generally, polar capacitors work on DC voltage and non-polar capacitor works on AC voltage. While working temperature limit is the temperature at which the capacitor can still work optimally. For example, if the written X7R capacitor, the capacitor has a recommended operating temperature between-55Co to +125 Co. Usually these characteristics specifications presented by the manufacturer in the datasheet.2.3. The series capacitorThe series capacitor in series will result in less total capacitance value. Below is an example of capacitors arranged in series.In a series of capacitors arranged in series applies the formula:The series capacitors in parallel will result in the greater capacitance value replacement. Below is an example of capacitors arranged in parallel.In parallel capacitor circuit applies the formula:2.4. Function CapacitorsThe function uses a capacitor in a circuit:1. As the coupling between one circuit to another circuit (the PS = Power Supply)2. As a filter in series PS3. As the frequency generator circuit antenna4. To save power the neon lights5. Eliminating bounce (stepping fire) when installed on a switch2.5. Type CapacitorsThe capacitor consists of several types, depending on the dielectric material. For more simple can be divided into 3 parts, namely electrostatic capacitors, electrolytic and electrochemical.• Electrostatic CapacitorElectrostatic capacitors are the capacitors are made with a dielectric material of ceramic, film and mica. Ceramic and mica is a popular material and cheap to make small capacitance capacitors. Quantities available from pF to several μF, usually for a series of applications relating to high frequency. Including
the dielectric films are raw materials such as polyester (polyethylene
terephthalate, also known as Mylar), polystyrene, Polyprophylene,
polycarbonate, metalized paper and more.Mylar, MSM, MKT are some examples of the trademark name for a capacitor with a dielectric material film. Generally this group of capacitors are non-polar.• Electrolytic CapacitorsElectrolytic capacitor group consisting of capacitors dielectric materials are metal-oxide layer. Generally capacitor including this group is polar capacitor with the + and - in the body. Why
are these capacitors can have a polarity, is due to the manufacturing
process uses electrolysis to form the positive pole and the negative
pole anode cathode.It
has long been known for some metals such as tantalum, aluminum,
magnesium, titanium, niobium, zirconium and zinc (zinc) surface can be
oxidized to form metal-oxide layer (oxide film). Oxidation layer is formed through the process of electrolysis, as in the process of gold plating. Metal
electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution (sodium borate) and
given a positive voltage (anode) and the solution given electrolit
negative voltage (cathode). Oxygen in electrolyte solution apart and oxidize the surface of the metal plate. For example, if you use aluminum, it will form a layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) on the surface.Thus successive metal plate (anode), layer-metal-oxide and the electrolyte (cathode) form a capacitor. In this case the metal-oxide layer as a dielectric. From the formula (2) the unknown capacitance is inversely proportional to the dielectric thickness. Metal-oxide layer is very thin, and thus can be made large enough capacitance capacitors.Due to economical and practical reasons, it is generally a lot of metal materials used are aluminum and tantalum. Most materials are plentiful and cheap aluminum. To get the surface area, the material is typically rolled aluminum plate radial. So in a way that can be obtained large capacitance capacitors. For example 100uF, 470uF, 4700uF and others, which is also called a capacitor elco.Electrolyte materials in liquid tantalum capacitors there but there are also solid. Called
solid electrolyte, but are not really the solution electrolit its
negative electrode, but other materials are manganese-dioxide. Thus this type of capacitors can have a large capacitance, but becoming more slender and petite. In addition, because all the solid, then their work time (lifetime) to be more durable. This
type of capacitor has a leakage current is very small so it is
understandable why Tantalum capacitors become relatively expensive.• Electrochemical CapacitorsOne other type of capacitors are electrochemical capacitors. Including this type of capacitors and batteries is the battery. In
fact, battery and capacitor batteries are very good, because it has a
large capacitance and leakage current (leakage current) is very small. This
type of capacitor types are also still in development for a large
capacitance, but small and light, for applications such electric cars
and mobile phonesCapacitors are electronic components that can store electrical charge. The structure of a capacitor is made of two pieces of metal plates separated by a dielectric material. Dielectric materials are commonly known as air vacuum, ceramics, glass and others. If
both ends of the metal plate was given voltage, the positive charges
will accumulate on one leg (electrode) metal and at the same time the
negative charges accumulated on the other end of the metal. The
positive charge can not flow toward the negative pole and the opposite
end of the negative charge can not go to the end of the positive pole,
being separated by a dielectric material that is non-conductive. Electrical charge is "stored" as long as no conduction at the ends of the legs. In the wild, these capacitors phenomenon occurs when the accumulation of positive charges and negative in the cloudRectifier circuit with Filter CapacitorsThe average rectifier output is DC voltage with ripple (ripple). To change this ripple to a fixed DC voltage, it takes a strainer (filter) using a capacitor as shown in figure 6Figure 6. The hand with filters CThe
process of charging and discharging currents (charging and discharging)
the capacitor circuit, relies heavily on the prices of Resistors and
Capacitors. Voltage at kapasistor when the charging process is as follows:while the flow equations for the disposal process is as follows:where konstantat time decay, commonly known as the time constant t, ie: t = RCRole Capacitors in Electrical Energy UsageNuclear Batteries: Sources Unidirectional Flow Before DevelopedModern life one character is a large consumption of electrical energy. The amount of electrical energy or load that is used is determined by the reactance (R), inductance (L) and capasitansi (C). The amount of electrical energy consumption was due to numerous and diverse equipment (load) of electricity used. While commonly used electrical load is inductive and capacitive. Where
the load is inductive (positive) reactive power required as the
rectifier transformers, induction motors (AC) and fluorescent lamp,
while the capacitive load (negative) issue of reactive power. Reactive
power is power that is useless and so can not be converted into energy
but it is necessary for the transmission of electrical energy to the
load. So that led to a waste of electrical energy is the amount of equipment that is inductive. Means
of using electrical energy turns customers not only burdened by the
active power (kW), but also the reactive power (KVAR). The sum of the two forces that will produce real power is the power supplied by PLN. If
a value is magnified power that is usually done by industry customers
the power loss becomes big is the active power (kW) and voltages up to
the consumer is reduced. Thus,
the industry's production will decline this certainly should not be
going for it from the power supply plus PLN should mean increased
costs. Because the power is P = VI, then by increasing the amount of power means a decline in prices and the rising prices of V I. Thus,
active power, reactive power and apparent power is an entity that would
be described as a right-angled triangle in Figure 1.From
Figure 1 it is obtained that the ratio of active power (kW) to apparent
power (kVA) can be defined as the power factor (pf) or cos r.cos r = pf = P (kW) / S (kVA) ........ (1) P (kW) = S (kVA). cos r ................ (2)As we know that the price cos r is from 0 s / d 1. Means
the best conditions, namely when the price P (kW) maximum [P (kW) = S
(kVA)] or the price cos r = 1 and is also called the cos r the best. But in reality the price cos r determined by PLN as the party of power supply is at 0.8. So for the price cos r <0.8 means pf say ugly. If the customer pf bad (low) then the capacity of active power (kW) that can be used customer will be reduced. Capacity will continue to decline along with the decline pf electrical system customers. By decreasing pf it will display some of the problems as follows: a. Enlarged kWH power usage due to losses. b. The growing use of electrical power kVAR. c. Power quality to be low because of the voltage drop. Theoretically the system with a low pf course will cause the current required from a major supplier. This will lead to a total loss of power (reactive power) and voltage drop becomes large. Thus, the penalty shall be paid sebabpemakaian increased reactive power to be great. Excess
fines or fees imposed if the amount of reactive power usage in a month
tercata kVARH which is higher than 0.62 kWH amount in question so that
pf an average of less than 0.85. While
the excessive use of kVARH in dollars using the following formula: [B -
0.62 (A1 + A2)] Hk Where: B = k VARH use kWH usage WPB A1 = A2 = kWH
usage LWBP Hk = price overuse kVARH To increase prices r cos (pf) is low easy thing to do is to reduce the angle so that it becomes r1 r means r> r1. Moderate to minimize the angle r is the possible is to reduce component reactive power (KVAR). Means
that there are components of reactive power is inductive to be reduced
and that the reduction can be done by adding a source of reactive power
in the form of capacitor.The
process of reduction is possible because both the load (inductor and
capacitor) opposite direction as a result of reactive power to be
small. When
reactive power to active power remains small while the price of a big
result pf apparent power (kVA) to be small so that the electricity bill
is reduced. Meanwhile, another advantage with decreasing reactive power is:• Reduced power losses in the system.• An increase in voltage as the power increases.Capacitors Work ProcessCapacitors to be used to enlarge pf in parallel with the load circuit. When the series was rated voltage the electrons will flow into the capacitor. At the time of the capacitor filled with the electron charge voltage will change. Then
out of the electrons will flow into the capacitor and the circuit thus
the need saaat that generate reactive power capacitors. When the voltage is changed it back to normal (still) the capacitor will keep returning electrons. By the time capacitor emit electrons (Ic) means the same treaktif power supply capacitors to the load. Faucets load is inductive (+) while the reactive power is the capacitor (-) as a result of reactive power tends to be small.Power loss before replacing capacitors:Active power losses ............. = I2 R Watt (5)Reactive power loss = I2 x VAR ......... (6)Power loss after capacitor installed:Active power loss = (I2 - IC2) R Watt ... (7)Reactive power loss = (I2 - IC2) x VAR (8)Installation of CapacitorsCapacitors to be used to minimize or correct placement pf there are two ways:1. Centralized capacitors placed on:a. Primary and secondary side of the transformerb. At the central bus controller2. How limited capacitors placeda. Small Feederb. At the branch circuitc. Jump on the loadTreatment CapacitorsCapacitors are used to improve the pf so durable would have to be treated on a regular basis. In the nursing care must be taken in damp areas that are not protected from dust and dirt. Before conducting the examination confirm that the capacitor is not connected anymore to the source. Then,
because it still contains the capacitor charge means that there is no
current / voltage, the capacitor is shorted should be linked so that
the load is lost. The type of inspection to be performed include:• Examination of leakage• Checking cables and buffer capacitor• Examination of insulator
Coulomb's law
Coulomb's lawWe already know that two similar charges attract each other and the two are not similar charges will repel. When it was junior class IX, knowledge is not enough. We also need to know how large a force of attraction and repulsion how-reject.Charles Augustin de Coulomb, found an association between electric force with the charges and the distance between the charge. This relationship is known as Coulomb's law."The
magnitude of the force of attraction and repulsion is proportional to
the respective charge and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the two charges."The force of attraction or repulsion reject is called the Coulomb force or electric force.Now let's peel this carefully Coulomb's law:a. The force of attraction or repulsion is proportional to the charge of eachExample:Two charges each + Q + 2Q and separated by d electric force experienced by F. How big style if each charge to +3 Q and +4 Q?CompletionFrom the above can be made about the following diagram.clip_image001Because the magnitude of the Coulomb force F is proportional to the charge-charge, it can be writtenclip_image002Consider the following diagram.clip_image003It appears that, when charge-charge becomes greater then the Coulomb force is also greater.b. The magnitude of the Coulomb force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance the two chargesWhen two separate charges farther away, of course, the influence of the two will be smaller. More tiny, but it is not simply inversely proportional to the square distance of both.Example:Two charges each + QC + QC and separated by d Coulomb force experienced by F. How repulsive force-resist, when charge-charge distance to 2d?clip_image004CompletionThe
magnitude of the Coulomb force is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance of the two charges, so that the force Couomb F 'it
becomes:The following diagram clip_image006Perhatikanclip_image007
So, when the distance of the two charges to be 2 times larger, the style Coulombnya ¼ times the force of the original, when the distance to 3 times, then the force Coulombnya to 1/9 times its original style and so on.Exercise:1. Two charges each + 2Q and 3Q + d separated by an electric force experienced by F. If the load each into +6 +4 Q and Q,a. Draw a diagram?b. How Coulombnya style now?2. Two charges each + QC + QC and separated by d Coulomb force experienced by F. When the distance between the two cargo into ½ d,a. Draw a diagram?b. How Coulombnya style now?Coulomb's law formulaFrom the sound of Coulomb's law, which is "the force of attraction and repulsion is proportional to the respective charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two charges", it can be formulated:clip_image009F = magnitude of the Coulomb force (N)Q1, 2 = charge of 1 and 2 (C)r = distance between the two charges (m)k = 9109 N m2/C2Example:Two charges each 2μ + 3μ + C and C, separated by 2 cm. If k = 9109 N m2/C2, how much repulsion-reject?CompletionGiven:k == 9109 N m2/C2Q1 = 2μ + C = 2106 CQ2 = 3μ + C = 3106 Cr = 2 cm = 2.10-2 mAsked: F?Answer:clip_image011= Clip_image013= Clip_image015= 13.5. 109-6-6 - (-4)= 13.5. 101= 135 N
So, when the distance of the two charges to be 2 times larger, the style Coulombnya ¼ times the force of the original, when the distance to 3 times, then the force Coulombnya to 1/9 times its original style and so on.Exercise:1. Two charges each + 2Q and 3Q + d separated by an electric force experienced by F. If the load each into +6 +4 Q and Q,a. Draw a diagram?b. How Coulombnya style now?2. Two charges each + QC + QC and separated by d Coulomb force experienced by F. When the distance between the two cargo into ½ d,a. Draw a diagram?b. How Coulombnya style now?Coulomb's law formulaFrom the sound of Coulomb's law, which is "the force of attraction and repulsion is proportional to the respective charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two charges", it can be formulated:clip_image009F = magnitude of the Coulomb force (N)Q1, 2 = charge of 1 and 2 (C)r = distance between the two charges (m)k = 9109 N m2/C2Example:Two charges each 2μ + 3μ + C and C, separated by 2 cm. If k = 9109 N m2/C2, how much repulsion-reject?CompletionGiven:k == 9109 N m2/C2Q1 = 2μ + C = 2106 CQ2 = 3μ + C = 3106 Cr = 2 cm = 2.10-2 mAsked: F?Answer:clip_image011= Clip_image013= Clip_image015= 13.5. 109-6-6 - (-4)= 13.5. 101= 135 N
Strong Electric Field and Coulomb Law
An electrically charged object will induce an electric field around it. Effect of electric field disuatu point vector quantities expressed by Strong Electric Field (E), with units N / C.
E = k Q / R ²
If an object other uncharged Q 'is placed at the point, then charged objects will experience ELECTROSTATIC FORCE F (also called the Coulomb force).
F = Q E = k Q Q '/ R ²
with F = Tensile / reject (in Newton)
R = distance charge Q and Q '(in meters)
k = constant = ¼ PIO = 9 x 10E9 Nm / coul
Io = permittivity of vacuum = 8.85 x 10E-12 coul ² / Nm
Q, Q '= electric charge (Coulomb)
E = k Q / R ²
If an object other uncharged Q 'is placed at the point, then charged objects will experience ELECTROSTATIC FORCE F (also called the Coulomb force).
F = Q E = k Q Q '/ R ²
with F = Tensile / reject (in Newton)
R = distance charge Q and Q '(in meters)
k = constant = ¼ PIO = 9 x 10E9 Nm / coul
Io = permittivity of vacuum = 8.85 x 10E-12 coul ² / Nm
Q, Q '= electric charge (Coulomb)
WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFORTS IN PRINCIPLE WITH THE REUSE
Waste is an endless problem. Every day trash accumulating. Comparison between the amount of waste generated is not balanced by the garbage under cultivation. With increasing human activities, the number of pendduk, but the availability of human living space is relatively fixed. The more advanced the human lifestyle, the more waste is generated.
According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) waste is something that is not used, not used, not welcome or anything derived from discarded human activities and does not occur by itself (Chandra, 2006). Waste Management Act No. 18 of 2008 states waste is leftover human daily activities and / or from natural processes that shaped solid.
Soemirat July (1994) argues that garbage is something that is not required by the have-intensive. Anwar (1990) says is a waste is a part of something that is not used, it is not desirable or something that must be disposed of, primarily from human activities performed (including the industry) but not biological as human waste (human waste) are not included into it .
Manik (2003) defines waste as an object that is not used or is not desired and should be discarded, which is produced by human activities. American public health experts set limits, garbage (waste) is something that is not used, not used, not liked, or something thrown, derived from human activities, and does not happen by itself. From this definition it is clear that human activity is the result of waste being dumped because it was useless. Thus the waste contains the following principles:
1. The existence of some object or solid material
2. There is a direct / indirect human activity.
3. Object or material is not used anymore (Notoatmojo, 2003)
Sources of Waste
1. Waste from residential (domestic wastes)
Waste consists of solid materials as a result of household activities that have been used and discarded, like leftovers either already cooked or not, both paper wrappers, plastic, leaves, etc., secondhand clothes, materials reading materials, household furniture, foliage from the garden or park.
Waste from public places
Trash is derived from public places, such as markets, entertainment venues, bus terminals, train stations, and so on. Waste in the form of paper, plastic, bottles, leaves, and so on.
Waste from office
Waste from the office either office of education, trade, department, company, and so on. Trash is in the form of paper, plastic, carbon, clips and so on. Generally these are inorganic rubbish, and flammable (rubbish).
Waste from highway
Trash comes from street cleaning, which generally consists of: paper, cardboard, dust, rocks, sand, scrap tires, spare parts of vehicles that fall, leaves, plastic, and so on.
Waste from industry (industrial wastes)
This garbage coming from the industry, including waste from the construction industry, and all the waste from the production process, for example: waste packing of goods, metal, plastic, wood, pieces of textiles, cans, and so on.
Waste from agricultural / plantation
Trash is as a result of the plantation or farm eg straw, the remaining vegetables, rice straw, corn stalks, broken sticks, and so on.
Waste from mining
Waste comes from the mine, and type depending on the type of mining itself, maisalnya: rocks, soil / rock, sand, the remnants of burning (charcoal), and so on.
Waste from petenakan and fisheries
Waste from farms and fisheries, such as: animal droppings, scraps dead animals, etc. (Notoatmojo, 2003).
Waste can be divided into several types, such as:
Trash based chemicals contained therein:
Inorganic waste
Inorganic waste is waste that generally can not be decomposed, such as: metal / iron, broken glass, plastic and so on.
Organic waste
Organic waste is waste that generally can rot, for example: food scraps, leaves, fruits and so on.
Based on whether or not trash can and burned: Waste combustibles, such as: paper, rubber, wood, plastic, cloth and so on.
1.
1. Waste that can not be burned, for example: cans, iron / scrap metal, broken glass, glass, etc. (Notoatmodjo, 2003).
2. Trash by characteristics
1. Ash (Ashes)
Is the combustion of flammable materials, whether at home, in the office and industrial.
1. Street Trash (Street Sweeping)
Derived from the street and sidewalk cleaning, consists of paper, dirt and leaves.
Animal carcasses (Dead Animal)
That dead animals that died a natural disaster, illness or accident.
Trash settlement (Household refuse)
That mixed waste from residential areas.
Carcass Vehicle (Abandoned vehicles)
Which includes this kind of garbage is dead cars, trucks, trains, satellites, ships and other transportas tool.
Waste industry
Composed of solid waste from industrial processing of agricultural produce, plants and other industries.
Trash result demolition / building (Demolotion waste)
Ie waste from renovation of buildings / building.
Waste from the construction area
Ie waste from the rest of the construction, repair and renovation of buildings. Waste from this area contains soil, rocks, pieces of wood, tools glue, paper and others.
The Solid Waste Waste Water (Sewage Solid)
Waste consisting of objects that are generally organic substances distillate at the entrance of a waste water treatment center.
Special Waste
Ie waste that requires special handling in management, such as paint cans, film scrap, radioactive substances and toxic substances. (Mukono, 2006).
From the stormy sources and types of waste that is around us, the problem of garbage is often not a matter of deep thought for all citizens. Trash at home is often just thrown in the tub or trash can. Furthermore, waste is a matter for the garbage collector or city janitor to throw into the landfill. On the other hand, the vacant land to be increasingly limited landfill. Therefore we discuss the waste management efforts in the community with the principle of reuse.
B. PROBLEMS
With the increase of population it also increases the need for food, clothing, and shelter that are directly or indirectly will increase the amount of waste. Therefore, it needs proper handling of waste that does not pose a problem for both humans and the environment.
According Reksosoebroto (1985) in Efrianof (2001) waste management is essential for achieving quality clean and healthy environment, thus waste should be managed in the best possible way that things are negative for life not to happen. In environmental health sciences, a waste management is considered good if the garbage do not become breeding of germs and the trash is not a media intermediary extent of disease spread. Other requirements that must be met in waste management is to not pollute the air, water, and soil, odorless (aesthetics), did not cause a fire and so forth.
Techobanoglous (1977) in Maulana (1998) said that waste management is a field related to the regulation of the accumulation, storage (temporary), the collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of waste in a manner in accordance with the best principles of public health economic, technical (engineering), environmental protection (conservation), beauty and other environmental considerations, and also considering the attitude of the community. According to Cunningham (2004) stages of modern waste management consists of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) before finally annihilated or destroyed.
The current reality, garbage becomes difficult to manage because of various things:
1. The rapid development of technology, faster than society's ability to manage and understand the problems of waste
2. Increased levels of community life that are not accompanied by the harmony of knowledge about waste
3. Increased operating costs, and construction management in all fields, including waste
4. Habits inefficient waste management, incorrect, polluting water, air and soil, thereby also increase the population of vector borne diseases such as flies and mice
5. Failure in the recycling and reuse of used goods is also the inability of the community to maintain the goods so quickly broken, Or manufacture products at a very low quality, so it quickly becomes garbage
6. The more difficult it is to land a place Tembuangan Final (landfill) waste, in addition to land and land formations that are not suitable for waste disposal is also a competition will increasingly complex land use
7. Increasing number of people who objected to the region was used as a garbage dump
8. Lack of monitoring and enforcement
9. Difficult to store waste temporarily rapid decay, because the weather is getting warmer.
10. Difficulty of finding public participation to dispose of waste in place and maintain cleanliness
11. Inadequate financing, given that until recently mostly managed by the garbage
12. Waste management in the past and the present lack of attention to non-technical factors such as non-technical and public participation and education about healthy living and clean.
C. ANALYSIS PROBLEM
Of the various problems arising from waste, then, we can address them by using the principle of reuse. However, the principle of reuse can not be separated from the other principles because sometimes interconnected.
The principles can be applied in handling such waste by applying 3-R, 4-R or 5-R. 3-R waste management is the concept of waste in a way reduce (mitigate), reuse (reuse), recycle (recycle bins), while the 4-R plus replace (replace) from the source. Principle 5-R in addition to the above four principles coupled with REpLaNT (replant). 4-R waste management is very important to implement in the context of urban solid waste management more efficient and effective, which is expected to reduce the cost of waste management.
The principle of reuse is performed in a way as possible choose items that can be used again. Avoid the use of goods are disposable. It can memeperpanjang the use of goods before they become waste. Some ways to do that:
1. Reuse containers / packaging for the same function or any other function.
2. Use containers / bags can be used over and over again.
3. Use rechargeable batteries.
4. Develop other benefits of waste.
5. Use office tools that can be used over and over again.
6. Use electronic storage devices that can be erased and rewritten.
7. Reuse of waste can still be used for other products, such as animal feed.
8. Provide incentives for customers who bring their own containers, or containers groceries produced by the concerned department as evidence of loyal customers.
9. Provide equipment for general product replenishment refill.
10. Choose products with packaging that can be recycled
11. Use products that can be recharged (refilled)
12. Reduce the use of disposable materials
13. Plastic bag is used for trash
14. Canned / large basin used for flower pots or bins
15. Glass or plastic bottles for seedling pots, and a variety of crafts
16. Former thick plastic packaging used as refill bags
17. Styrofoam is used for the base pot or glue
18. Rags / used clothes for wipes, mats, etc.
19. Magazines or books for the library
20. The paper used for wrapping paper
D. CONCLUSION
Waste is something that is not used, not used, not welcome or anything derived from discarded human activities and does not happen by itself.
Way to waste that is using the principle of 3-R, 4-R or 5-R and one of them is to reuse. The principle is the principle of reuse waste by reusing waste that can still be used for the same function and other functions. This treatment is good enough for environmental management, but the principle is also sometimes need another R principles.
Many things on this earth nature damage due to unmanaged waste from household garbage to the garbage bins of the industry. For that let us preserve our environment. Let's clever clever sort or member items that can be reused or used for other functions sehinnga can extend the life of the items to be rubbish.
According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) waste is something that is not used, not used, not welcome or anything derived from discarded human activities and does not occur by itself (Chandra, 2006). Waste Management Act No. 18 of 2008 states waste is leftover human daily activities and / or from natural processes that shaped solid.
Soemirat July (1994) argues that garbage is something that is not required by the have-intensive. Anwar (1990) says is a waste is a part of something that is not used, it is not desirable or something that must be disposed of, primarily from human activities performed (including the industry) but not biological as human waste (human waste) are not included into it .
Manik (2003) defines waste as an object that is not used or is not desired and should be discarded, which is produced by human activities. American public health experts set limits, garbage (waste) is something that is not used, not used, not liked, or something thrown, derived from human activities, and does not happen by itself. From this definition it is clear that human activity is the result of waste being dumped because it was useless. Thus the waste contains the following principles:
1. The existence of some object or solid material
2. There is a direct / indirect human activity.
3. Object or material is not used anymore (Notoatmojo, 2003)
Sources of Waste
1. Waste from residential (domestic wastes)
Waste consists of solid materials as a result of household activities that have been used and discarded, like leftovers either already cooked or not, both paper wrappers, plastic, leaves, etc., secondhand clothes, materials reading materials, household furniture, foliage from the garden or park.
Waste from public places
Trash is derived from public places, such as markets, entertainment venues, bus terminals, train stations, and so on. Waste in the form of paper, plastic, bottles, leaves, and so on.
Waste from office
Waste from the office either office of education, trade, department, company, and so on. Trash is in the form of paper, plastic, carbon, clips and so on. Generally these are inorganic rubbish, and flammable (rubbish).
Waste from highway
Trash comes from street cleaning, which generally consists of: paper, cardboard, dust, rocks, sand, scrap tires, spare parts of vehicles that fall, leaves, plastic, and so on.
Waste from industry (industrial wastes)
This garbage coming from the industry, including waste from the construction industry, and all the waste from the production process, for example: waste packing of goods, metal, plastic, wood, pieces of textiles, cans, and so on.
Waste from agricultural / plantation
Trash is as a result of the plantation or farm eg straw, the remaining vegetables, rice straw, corn stalks, broken sticks, and so on.
Waste from mining
Waste comes from the mine, and type depending on the type of mining itself, maisalnya: rocks, soil / rock, sand, the remnants of burning (charcoal), and so on.
Waste from petenakan and fisheries
Waste from farms and fisheries, such as: animal droppings, scraps dead animals, etc. (Notoatmojo, 2003).
Waste can be divided into several types, such as:
Trash based chemicals contained therein:
Inorganic waste
Inorganic waste is waste that generally can not be decomposed, such as: metal / iron, broken glass, plastic and so on.
Organic waste
Organic waste is waste that generally can rot, for example: food scraps, leaves, fruits and so on.
Based on whether or not trash can and burned: Waste combustibles, such as: paper, rubber, wood, plastic, cloth and so on.
1.
1. Waste that can not be burned, for example: cans, iron / scrap metal, broken glass, glass, etc. (Notoatmodjo, 2003).
2. Trash by characteristics
1. Ash (Ashes)
Is the combustion of flammable materials, whether at home, in the office and industrial.
1. Street Trash (Street Sweeping)
Derived from the street and sidewalk cleaning, consists of paper, dirt and leaves.
Animal carcasses (Dead Animal)
That dead animals that died a natural disaster, illness or accident.
Trash settlement (Household refuse)
That mixed waste from residential areas.
Carcass Vehicle (Abandoned vehicles)
Which includes this kind of garbage is dead cars, trucks, trains, satellites, ships and other transportas tool.
Waste industry
Composed of solid waste from industrial processing of agricultural produce, plants and other industries.
Trash result demolition / building (Demolotion waste)
Ie waste from renovation of buildings / building.
Waste from the construction area
Ie waste from the rest of the construction, repair and renovation of buildings. Waste from this area contains soil, rocks, pieces of wood, tools glue, paper and others.
The Solid Waste Waste Water (Sewage Solid)
Waste consisting of objects that are generally organic substances distillate at the entrance of a waste water treatment center.
Special Waste
Ie waste that requires special handling in management, such as paint cans, film scrap, radioactive substances and toxic substances. (Mukono, 2006).
From the stormy sources and types of waste that is around us, the problem of garbage is often not a matter of deep thought for all citizens. Trash at home is often just thrown in the tub or trash can. Furthermore, waste is a matter for the garbage collector or city janitor to throw into the landfill. On the other hand, the vacant land to be increasingly limited landfill. Therefore we discuss the waste management efforts in the community with the principle of reuse.
B. PROBLEMS
With the increase of population it also increases the need for food, clothing, and shelter that are directly or indirectly will increase the amount of waste. Therefore, it needs proper handling of waste that does not pose a problem for both humans and the environment.
According Reksosoebroto (1985) in Efrianof (2001) waste management is essential for achieving quality clean and healthy environment, thus waste should be managed in the best possible way that things are negative for life not to happen. In environmental health sciences, a waste management is considered good if the garbage do not become breeding of germs and the trash is not a media intermediary extent of disease spread. Other requirements that must be met in waste management is to not pollute the air, water, and soil, odorless (aesthetics), did not cause a fire and so forth.
Techobanoglous (1977) in Maulana (1998) said that waste management is a field related to the regulation of the accumulation, storage (temporary), the collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of waste in a manner in accordance with the best principles of public health economic, technical (engineering), environmental protection (conservation), beauty and other environmental considerations, and also considering the attitude of the community. According to Cunningham (2004) stages of modern waste management consists of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) before finally annihilated or destroyed.
The current reality, garbage becomes difficult to manage because of various things:
1. The rapid development of technology, faster than society's ability to manage and understand the problems of waste
2. Increased levels of community life that are not accompanied by the harmony of knowledge about waste
3. Increased operating costs, and construction management in all fields, including waste
4. Habits inefficient waste management, incorrect, polluting water, air and soil, thereby also increase the population of vector borne diseases such as flies and mice
5. Failure in the recycling and reuse of used goods is also the inability of the community to maintain the goods so quickly broken, Or manufacture products at a very low quality, so it quickly becomes garbage
6. The more difficult it is to land a place Tembuangan Final (landfill) waste, in addition to land and land formations that are not suitable for waste disposal is also a competition will increasingly complex land use
7. Increasing number of people who objected to the region was used as a garbage dump
8. Lack of monitoring and enforcement
9. Difficult to store waste temporarily rapid decay, because the weather is getting warmer.
10. Difficulty of finding public participation to dispose of waste in place and maintain cleanliness
11. Inadequate financing, given that until recently mostly managed by the garbage
12. Waste management in the past and the present lack of attention to non-technical factors such as non-technical and public participation and education about healthy living and clean.
C. ANALYSIS PROBLEM
Of the various problems arising from waste, then, we can address them by using the principle of reuse. However, the principle of reuse can not be separated from the other principles because sometimes interconnected.
The principles can be applied in handling such waste by applying 3-R, 4-R or 5-R. 3-R waste management is the concept of waste in a way reduce (mitigate), reuse (reuse), recycle (recycle bins), while the 4-R plus replace (replace) from the source. Principle 5-R in addition to the above four principles coupled with REpLaNT (replant). 4-R waste management is very important to implement in the context of urban solid waste management more efficient and effective, which is expected to reduce the cost of waste management.
The principle of reuse is performed in a way as possible choose items that can be used again. Avoid the use of goods are disposable. It can memeperpanjang the use of goods before they become waste. Some ways to do that:
1. Reuse containers / packaging for the same function or any other function.
2. Use containers / bags can be used over and over again.
3. Use rechargeable batteries.
4. Develop other benefits of waste.
5. Use office tools that can be used over and over again.
6. Use electronic storage devices that can be erased and rewritten.
7. Reuse of waste can still be used for other products, such as animal feed.
8. Provide incentives for customers who bring their own containers, or containers groceries produced by the concerned department as evidence of loyal customers.
9. Provide equipment for general product replenishment refill.
10. Choose products with packaging that can be recycled
11. Use products that can be recharged (refilled)
12. Reduce the use of disposable materials
13. Plastic bag is used for trash
14. Canned / large basin used for flower pots or bins
15. Glass or plastic bottles for seedling pots, and a variety of crafts
16. Former thick plastic packaging used as refill bags
17. Styrofoam is used for the base pot or glue
18. Rags / used clothes for wipes, mats, etc.
19. Magazines or books for the library
20. The paper used for wrapping paper
D. CONCLUSION
Waste is something that is not used, not used, not welcome or anything derived from discarded human activities and does not happen by itself.
Way to waste that is using the principle of 3-R, 4-R or 5-R and one of them is to reuse. The principle is the principle of reuse waste by reusing waste that can still be used for the same function and other functions. This treatment is good enough for environmental management, but the principle is also sometimes need another R principles.
Many things on this earth nature damage due to unmanaged waste from household garbage to the garbage bins of the industry. For that let us preserve our environment. Let's clever clever sort or member items that can be reused or used for other functions sehinnga can extend the life of the items to be rubbish.
Benefits of Forests For humans
Greening is one of the important activities that must be carried out conceptually in dealing with the environmental crisis. So important that greening is a national program implemented throughout Indonesia.
Many facts show that it is not uncommon development built on agricultural land and green open spaces. Whereas plants in the ecosystem role as the first manufacturer to convert solar energy into potential energy for other creatures and convert CO2 into O2 in the process of photosynthesis. So as to enhance urban greening means to reduce CO2 or other pollutants that contribute the greenhouse effect or climate disruption. In addition to the role of vegetation in the life and health of the physical environment, also plays an aesthetic as well as mental health. Given the importance of this vegetation, especially in urban areas to address the environmental crisis will require planning and planting vegetation to greening conceptually.From the various observations and studies there is a tendency that the implementation of greening has not conceptual, even seem so long. Choosing plants for reasons readily available, cheap and fast growing.Urban greeningGreening in the broadest sense is any power to restore, maintain and improve the condition of the land in order to produce and to function optimally, as watersheds or protective environment. There is also a saying that the greening of the city is an attempt to green the city by managing the city parks, neighborhood parks, green belt and so on. In this case the urban greening is an activity filling open space in urban areas.In the process of photosynthesis of green plants take CO2 and emit O2 C6H12O6 and much-needed role of living things. Therefore, the role of green plants is needed to capture CO2 and release O2 back into the air. In addition, various metabolic processes of green plants can provide a variety of functions for the needs of living things that can improve the quality of the environment.Each year the vegetation of the earth mempersenyawakan approximately 150,000 million tons of CO2 and 25,000 million tons of hydrogen to liberate 400,000 million tonnes of oxygen into the atmosphere, and produce 450,000 million tons of organic substances. Every hour 1 ha green leaves absorbs 8 kg CO2 equivalent CO2 exhaled by human breath approximately 200 people in the same time. Each tree planted has the capacity to cool the air with an average of 5 air conditioning (AC), which operated continuously 20 hours a day. Each 93 m2 of trees can absorb noise by 8 decibels, and every 1 ha of trees able to neutralize the CO2 released 20 vehicles. (Zoer'aini Djamal Irwan, 1996).Once the importance of the role of plants on earth in addressing the environmental crisis, especially in urban areas, is appropriate if the existence of plants received serious attention in the implementation of urban greening as an element of the urban forest.Greening role and function (1) As the lungs of the city. Plants as green elements, the growth of acid produced (O2) that is necessary for living things to breath, (2) As a regulator of the (micro), vegetation will cause local environmental air into cool, comfortable and fresh, (3) the Creator life (ecological), (4) Natural Balance (adaphis) is the establishment of places of natural life for the animals that live in the vicinity, (5) Protection (protective), the physical conditions of the surrounding nature (wind, sun, gases or dust -dust), (6) beauty (aesthetics), (7) health (hygiene); Recreation and education (educational), (9) Socio economic policy.As raised by Eckbo (1956) that the choice of plants for reforestation in order to grow well should be considered horticultural conditions (ecological) and physical conditions. Terms of horticultural the response and tolerance to temperature, water requirements, needs and tolerance for sunlight, soil needs, pests and diseases, as well as other physical conditions that greening purposes, cultivation requirements, canopy shape, color, flavor.Elements of urban forestFunctions and benefits of forests, among others to deliver results, pencagaran flora and fauna, water and soil erosion control, climate amelioration. If the forest is located in the town forest functions and benefits include creating a micro climate, engineering, architectural, aesthetic, temperature modification, seepage of rain, wind and air protection, air pollution control, waste management and reduce reflection of sunlight, soil erosion control , reduce runoff, soil binding. Construction vegetation can regulate water balance by way of interception, infiltration, evaporation and transpiration.Reviewing the functioning of urban greening and the forest can be said that urban greening is an element of the urban forest. While the urban forest is part of the green open space of the city. Forest City (urban forestry) by Grey and Denehe (1978), includes all woody vegetation in residential neighborhoods, from small villages to large cities. Fukuara et al argued about the urban forest, the open space is overgrown with woody vegetation in urban areas that provide maximum environmental benefits to city residents in usability protection, aesthetics and other special recreation.Meanwhile, according to Grey and Denehe (1978), Forest City (urban forestry) include all woody vegetation in residential neighborhoods, from small villages to large cities. Given the nature of the yard contains forest that aspires to the interests of the people, then that is grounds forestry development seems more democratic is managed agroforestry systems people. Yard can produce wood, bamboo, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and medicines.As a consequence of plant as the first manufacturer in the ecosystem, and given the function of urban forestry and urban greening function relies heavily on vegetation are used then no longer disputed land as a condition of the urban forest. What is important is the number and diversity of vegetation in urban areas the garden as much as possible. Thus, as an element of urban greening urban forest needs to be conceptually include planning, implementation, and maintenance by considering the aesthetic, functional and environmental conservation. Implementation should be in accordance with the plan as well as maintenance must be carried out continuously.Planting techniquesKey factors to note are the Adala tree planting techniques, (1) Selection of seed plants. Generative seeds is derived from the seeds, a seed is more appropriate because it has a taproot and can live longer. Vegetative seedlings, seeds that are derived from vegetative parts of plants, such as stems, leaves and roots. Vegetative seedlings are generally less robust and shallow roots so quickly destroy sidewalks, streets or drainage channels.Good seed at least has grown in containers for 6 months with a minimum height rod + 1:50 m and a diameter of 0.05 m, to test it enough to pull out the seeds. If the seedlings easily separated from the container means new yet good enough to be moved and planted on the ground, otherwise if it is difficult to remove means the roots are well established and can be planted in the field;(2) Planting. Planting hole should be prepared at least one week before planting. Planting hole size depends on the size of the plant. The standard size of the planting hole is 0.75 m (height) x 0.90 m (width) x 0.90 m (length), (3) Maintenance pascatanam. Maintaining a position to grow in order to remain upright and stable. Watering 2-3 days, especially in the dry season while throwing twigs kerimg. Nurturing plants 3 months with 25 grams of NPK fertilizer per hole-Forest benefits are:1. As suplyer Oxygen is the main raw material for human respiratory2. As flood prevention3. As a natural air4. As the world's lungs
Many facts show that it is not uncommon development built on agricultural land and green open spaces. Whereas plants in the ecosystem role as the first manufacturer to convert solar energy into potential energy for other creatures and convert CO2 into O2 in the process of photosynthesis. So as to enhance urban greening means to reduce CO2 or other pollutants that contribute the greenhouse effect or climate disruption. In addition to the role of vegetation in the life and health of the physical environment, also plays an aesthetic as well as mental health. Given the importance of this vegetation, especially in urban areas to address the environmental crisis will require planning and planting vegetation to greening conceptually.From the various observations and studies there is a tendency that the implementation of greening has not conceptual, even seem so long. Choosing plants for reasons readily available, cheap and fast growing.Urban greeningGreening in the broadest sense is any power to restore, maintain and improve the condition of the land in order to produce and to function optimally, as watersheds or protective environment. There is also a saying that the greening of the city is an attempt to green the city by managing the city parks, neighborhood parks, green belt and so on. In this case the urban greening is an activity filling open space in urban areas.In the process of photosynthesis of green plants take CO2 and emit O2 C6H12O6 and much-needed role of living things. Therefore, the role of green plants is needed to capture CO2 and release O2 back into the air. In addition, various metabolic processes of green plants can provide a variety of functions for the needs of living things that can improve the quality of the environment.Each year the vegetation of the earth mempersenyawakan approximately 150,000 million tons of CO2 and 25,000 million tons of hydrogen to liberate 400,000 million tonnes of oxygen into the atmosphere, and produce 450,000 million tons of organic substances. Every hour 1 ha green leaves absorbs 8 kg CO2 equivalent CO2 exhaled by human breath approximately 200 people in the same time. Each tree planted has the capacity to cool the air with an average of 5 air conditioning (AC), which operated continuously 20 hours a day. Each 93 m2 of trees can absorb noise by 8 decibels, and every 1 ha of trees able to neutralize the CO2 released 20 vehicles. (Zoer'aini Djamal Irwan, 1996).Once the importance of the role of plants on earth in addressing the environmental crisis, especially in urban areas, is appropriate if the existence of plants received serious attention in the implementation of urban greening as an element of the urban forest.Greening role and function (1) As the lungs of the city. Plants as green elements, the growth of acid produced (O2) that is necessary for living things to breath, (2) As a regulator of the (micro), vegetation will cause local environmental air into cool, comfortable and fresh, (3) the Creator life (ecological), (4) Natural Balance (adaphis) is the establishment of places of natural life for the animals that live in the vicinity, (5) Protection (protective), the physical conditions of the surrounding nature (wind, sun, gases or dust -dust), (6) beauty (aesthetics), (7) health (hygiene); Recreation and education (educational), (9) Socio economic policy.As raised by Eckbo (1956) that the choice of plants for reforestation in order to grow well should be considered horticultural conditions (ecological) and physical conditions. Terms of horticultural the response and tolerance to temperature, water requirements, needs and tolerance for sunlight, soil needs, pests and diseases, as well as other physical conditions that greening purposes, cultivation requirements, canopy shape, color, flavor.Elements of urban forestFunctions and benefits of forests, among others to deliver results, pencagaran flora and fauna, water and soil erosion control, climate amelioration. If the forest is located in the town forest functions and benefits include creating a micro climate, engineering, architectural, aesthetic, temperature modification, seepage of rain, wind and air protection, air pollution control, waste management and reduce reflection of sunlight, soil erosion control , reduce runoff, soil binding. Construction vegetation can regulate water balance by way of interception, infiltration, evaporation and transpiration.Reviewing the functioning of urban greening and the forest can be said that urban greening is an element of the urban forest. While the urban forest is part of the green open space of the city. Forest City (urban forestry) by Grey and Denehe (1978), includes all woody vegetation in residential neighborhoods, from small villages to large cities. Fukuara et al argued about the urban forest, the open space is overgrown with woody vegetation in urban areas that provide maximum environmental benefits to city residents in usability protection, aesthetics and other special recreation.Meanwhile, according to Grey and Denehe (1978), Forest City (urban forestry) include all woody vegetation in residential neighborhoods, from small villages to large cities. Given the nature of the yard contains forest that aspires to the interests of the people, then that is grounds forestry development seems more democratic is managed agroforestry systems people. Yard can produce wood, bamboo, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and medicines.As a consequence of plant as the first manufacturer in the ecosystem, and given the function of urban forestry and urban greening function relies heavily on vegetation are used then no longer disputed land as a condition of the urban forest. What is important is the number and diversity of vegetation in urban areas the garden as much as possible. Thus, as an element of urban greening urban forest needs to be conceptually include planning, implementation, and maintenance by considering the aesthetic, functional and environmental conservation. Implementation should be in accordance with the plan as well as maintenance must be carried out continuously.Planting techniquesKey factors to note are the Adala tree planting techniques, (1) Selection of seed plants. Generative seeds is derived from the seeds, a seed is more appropriate because it has a taproot and can live longer. Vegetative seedlings, seeds that are derived from vegetative parts of plants, such as stems, leaves and roots. Vegetative seedlings are generally less robust and shallow roots so quickly destroy sidewalks, streets or drainage channels.Good seed at least has grown in containers for 6 months with a minimum height rod + 1:50 m and a diameter of 0.05 m, to test it enough to pull out the seeds. If the seedlings easily separated from the container means new yet good enough to be moved and planted on the ground, otherwise if it is difficult to remove means the roots are well established and can be planted in the field;(2) Planting. Planting hole should be prepared at least one week before planting. Planting hole size depends on the size of the plant. The standard size of the planting hole is 0.75 m (height) x 0.90 m (width) x 0.90 m (length), (3) Maintenance pascatanam. Maintaining a position to grow in order to remain upright and stable. Watering 2-3 days, especially in the dry season while throwing twigs kerimg. Nurturing plants 3 months with 25 grams of NPK fertilizer per hole-Forest benefits are:1. As suplyer Oxygen is the main raw material for human respiratory2. As flood prevention3. As a natural air4. As the world's lungs